ââåworks of Art and Mere Real Thingsã¢ââ by Arthur Danto
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Very roughly, if I understand him rightly, the departure between a representation and an object is that the former is intended. The difference between a representation and an creative representation is that the latter is artistically intended, significant, the artist, with his knowledge of the artworld and art history, intends to brand a work of art. Then Andy Warhol's Brillo Box is a dissimilar thing from the Brillo box in the supermarket fifty-fifty though they look indiscernibly the same. In order for the viewer to grasp the artistic intention behind the fine art work, the viewer must know or come to sympathise the meanings that the artist infused into the work. The structure of the artwork is thus very shut to the structure of a metaphor.
So the artwork is constituted as a transfigurative representation rather than a representation tout court, and I retrieve this is true of artworks, when representations, in general, whether this is achieved cocky-consciously, as in the arch work I have been discussing, or naively, when the artist simply happens to vest his subject with surprising yet penetrating attributes. To understand the artwork is to grasp the metaphor that is, I retrieve, always at that place. (172)
Danto draws out many implications from the last statement, one of which has to do with the limits of art criticism:
The outset is that if the structure of artworks is, or is very shut to the construction of metaphors, and then no paraphrase or summary of the artwork can engage the participatory mind in at all the ways that it tin can; and no critical business relationship of the internal metaphor of the work can substitute for the work inasmuch as the clarification of a metaphor but does non have the power of the metaphor information technology describes, just as a description of a cry of anguish does not activate the same response as the cry of anguish itself. (173)
The task of art criticism is not only to interpret the metaphor just to provide the viewer with the necessary data to answer to the artwork, information lost to fourth dimension or unknown due to place.
Criticism then, which consists in interpreting metaphor in this extended sense, cannot exist intended as a substitute for the work. Its role rather is to equip the reader or viewer with the information needed to reply to the work's ability which, after all, can be lost as concepts change or be inaccessible because of the outward difficulties of the work, which the received cultural equipment is insufficient to accommodate. It is non only, every bit is then often said, that metaphors go stale; they go dead in a way that sometimes require scholarly resurrection. And information technology is the great value of such disciplines as the history of art and literature to brand such works approachable once more. (174)
The statement nearly art leads Danto to expound on a view nearly man.
My view, in cursory, is an expansion of the Peircian thesis that "the man is the sum total of his language, because man is a sign. . . . information technology is not just what a human represents, merely is the style in which he represents it, which has to be invoked to explain the structures of his mind. This way of representing any he does stand for is what I have in mind by style. If a man is a system of representations, his manner is the manner of these. The style of a man is, to use the beautiful thought of Schopenhauer, "the physiognomy of the soul."...more
Ara, també us diré una cosa: no calien quasi 300 pàgines.
Sempre en contra de la filosofia analítica excepte quan serveixi per fer-me trontollar la concepció que tenia de l'estètica. No vull estar d'acord amb el què s'hi diu, però alhora ho diu tan bé que costa. Mai havia estat tan contenta d'haver llegit Frege i Russell, cosa que, si em coneixeu, sabeu que diu molt del llibre.Ara, també usa diré una cosa: no calien quasi 300 pàgines.
...more thanOne of the first thoughts one might have after this sort of practice is 'merely is this not relevant just to modern, non-representational art?' Danto would say no, that no fine art is truly 'realistic' in its depiction, being no mirror image of a thing in the earth. He would say that anything that was e'er considered art was embedded in the viewpoints and possibilities of its time: a portrait always says more about the artist and his milieu than the sitter. Moreover, Danto would maintain that all art, representational or not, has been tending this way since before, simply specially since, the time when a principal theme of fine art became the investigation of itself, what some would call the onset of Modernism. The point is that Danto'due south thrust is not to in anyway limit the contributions of artists in producing these infinitely interesting and manipulated art objects; the question becomes one of what the object needs to be, at a minimum, to be an art object.
1 of the essential statements in Transfiguration is to the event that 1 must know that something is art before y'all can respond to it as art. What is this maxim? I believe his intention is grasped when, afterward laying the appropriate groundwork, he supplies this definition of an artwork: 'works of fine art, in categorical contrast with mere representations, use the ways of representation in a manner that is not exhaustively specified when 1 has exhaustively specified what is being represented.' (p. 147). The way I translate this statement is to say that once you accept said everything that could exist said in everyday, not-aesthetic discourse most the art object, it is still not fixed by such language, that no one who enjoys the fine art object finds information technology described by such language. In order to adequately convey what the art object presents, ane must learn when to drop everyday language and adopt the linguistic communication of the art world.
Danto gives us a very good instance of such language in the utilise of the discussion 'powerful' when describing a canvas, say, a powerful painting of flowers. I call up of Redon. 1 would never say of an actual flower that it was powerful only a picture of a flower can be. Consider a youngster from a rural background with a relative who wishes to introduce him to the city. When taken to the museum, the child can only supply the linguistic communication of everyday objects to the artwork, and the simply pictures to which he tin use the word powerful are those with imposing contents: Titians, battle scenes, Hudson River Schoolhouse waterfalls. But slowly, after many examples supplied by his aunt, the youngster learns that pictures of nonspectacular things can exist powerful, things like a wilted flower. When he stands in front of an object, he is beginning to be able to choose which language to utilize; another way to say it, whether to utilise an aesthetic attitude or an everyday mental attitude.
Danto has a dandy deal of regard for Andy Warhol-his latest book beingness entirely about that artist-and he has described how he experienced something of an epiphany when starting time viewing Brillo Boxes. These look, of course, exactly like the boxes in the cleaning section of our local supermarket. Needless to say, many influences and weather attributed to Warhol'south productions: he came from a commercial fine art background and took (either ironically or not) glee in popular culture. Indeed, Danto tells the states that Warhol truly liked Campbell soups. But whether Warhol was conscious of information technology or non, Danto suggests that he helped to brand art and philosophy conscious that the art object could be whatever the artist wished to make employ of, considering information technology is how the art globe receives information technology that makes that production an artwork. The term "art world" is divers as those who accept been educated to interpret fine art.
Reading Danto was made especially interesting by having read The Sovereignty of Art by Christoph Menke not long before. Certainly, the two books share many basic bounds, the autonomy of fine art from everyday discourse existence the well-nigh bones. Beyond that, they share the belief that the artful response " targets the status of an object rather than its features".(Menke, p. 228 ) Since the artful response is an attitude not dependent on the features of the object, Menke builds to the possibility of transferring that aesthetic attitude to other arenas, to other discourses. Danto does not appear to share this concern just builds, instead, to the sense of equalitarianism that results from placing the emphasis on aesthetic feel rather than aesthetic production. Anyone who wants to put the piece of work into learning the linguistic communication of fine art shares in its power. It does not depend on talents or any other gift simply the ability to learn. In this there is some irony, every bit an essay by Danto provided the fodder for what is termed the Institutional Theory of Art. Roughly stated, this argues that anything is art that museum directors and academics say it is, the job for the rest of united states to supply the applause. However, Danto'south bespeak is much more extreme than this. He is talking well-nigh the differences between worlds rather than institutions and might be summarized with a point made by Wittgenstein: you tin can't have a private language and you can't have a individual globe, fine art world included. Gaining entrance to the art world demands socialization into its class of life, into a new language. Moreover, to a unique form of life, the only one that allows and perhaps encourages semantic deferral.
Supposing that I have provided at least a minimally satisfactory description of Danto'due south volume, I tin can feel sympathy with a reader who might advise that the elitism of the Institutional theory is but expanded here to include anyone who has been educated plenty in the cracking Western tradition to participate in its thought. And is non that tradition more often than not created by, and based on the assumptions of, white males with enough socio-economical ease to produce the canon? Whatsoever critic who relies a great deal on that canon, Harold Bloom being an obvious example, might be open up to outsider criticism without the concession that the features of the art object, which the tradition has polished and analyzed to ultimate refinement, is yet not the basis of its status as an art object. If, in the last assay, the result of aesthetic responding is an attitude, a stance, then the features that helped to produce that opinion tin can be rejected. This makes it ppossible, for case, that many feminists were produced by absorbing male person dominated literature. These aforementioned works, however, could encourage sexist rigidity in any reader fixated on its content. Danto's art object is 1 that can transcend its production, its course determined by its reception, and we, it readers, listeners, receivers, responsible for what that means.
...moreDanto spends his time here with the question of what sets an ordinary object apart from what we generally describe as art. Nosotros note a general Wittgensteinian family resemblance between the course of art objects, but what is the defining feature? It tin can't exist material. If coincidentally, using the same ready of paints on the same size canvass, I paint a large yellowish circumvolve with a groundwork of blue and say information technology is a ball in a puddle, and then you paint a large yellow circle with a background of blue and say it is the sunday in the sky the day of Kennedy'southward assassination, materially they are identical but manifestly they are dissimilar paintings arising independently from specific ideas. Even the blazon of representation is entirely different; mine is some ball in some pool, and yours is very specific, the dominicus in the sky in one particular bespeak in fourth dimension and history. And merely for one last improver say there's a camp advisor painting a target for darts, she paints a big yellow circle on a blue background so the target sticks out, but before she can pigment the interior of the target she gets word from the higher-ups that they don't want kids playing with darts later what happened concluding year, then the project is abandoned. You would never mistake this for our corresponding puddle and bump-off artworks, this is a "mere thing." It does not have that dimension the artworks take, in the same way a spasm of the hand doesn't have the dimension of waving hi to someone.
Then the question is what is "that" dimension which separates ball from dominicus, and those from dartboard. Danto doesn't think "representation" is comprehensive plenty considering, maybe atomically, not everything in the work, exist it every note or brushstroke, tin take a one to i correlation in a representative fashion (there'southward far more to it, but this volition suffice). Danto thinks it is closer to say information technology'south a mode of expression, in which in that location is a joining between metaphor, rhetoric, and style. "Expression" tickles my confirmation bias because that'south the word I've e'er liked to use, just I'k not sure if this ends upwardly every bit completely satisfying an caption. Or at least it isn't compelling as Danto's elaborations of the bug and arguments against what fine art tin can't exist. That's really the all-time part, and Danto engages with a actually broad and various range of thinkers on the discipline. And information technology'southward peppered with small funny trivial observations, similar when people mistake describing a painting for a value judgement on information technology (sure that story is dark, brooding, and ominous, only is information technology good?). Overall this was neat, it's a deliberate antitoxin to the pre-20th century understandings of art, both in terms of philosophers and of common regressive perspectives. I'll be sure to check out more Danto soon. Strong Recommendation. ...more
Privit în paralel cu "În numele artei", studiul său e ceva mai compact și mai bine centrat pe ceea ce îl interesează pe el - arta modernă, de la Duchamp încoace, și problematica unui element definitoriu pentru ceea ce (mai) înseamnă arta în ge Citită imediat după cartea lui de Duve (deși a fost scrisă cu câțiva ani înaintea ei), cartea lui Arthur C. Danto caută să dea o definiție artei luând prin eliminare elementele compoziționale, stilistice și, de ce nu, metafizice ce creează o operă de artă.
Privit în paralel cu "În numele artei", studiul său e ceva mai meaty și mai bine centrat pe ceea ce îl interesează pe el - arta modernă, de la Duchamp încoace, și problematica unui element definitoriu pentru ceea ce (mai) înseamnă arta în genere. Mai exact, și Danto si de Duve pornesc de la pisoarul duchampian, considerându-fifty pilonul care a demarcat o artă bazată mai degrabă pe istoricul său de arta conștientă de sine.
Spunând "aceasta este artă", artistul de fapt se angajează într-un demers în care obiectul artistic trece de la distincția suport-conținut la fuziunea dintre cele două - de acum, ceea ce era suport devine parte din arta în sine.
Problema apare însă când linia de demarcație dintre artă și not-artă devine fragilă și separă mai degrabă arbitrar cele două zone. De aici și complexitatea artei moderne care iese din tiparele canonice ale unui obiect creative, pe care Danto o interoghează pas cu pas ajungând într-un final la concluzia că arta modernă due east angaja(n)tă sau nu va fi deloc. ...more
Aqui Danto avança seu famoso método dos indiscerníveis eastward procura dar alcance máximo à seu representacionalismo. A condução exercise livro é muito interessante, supostamente baseada em Diderot (Jacques, o fatalista) e inspirada por diálogos platônicos. É divertida de ler, com uma camada que não exige tanto practise leitor desavisado/artista, ao mesmo tempo que numa leitura detida apresenta ideias intrincadas e passagens complexas. Geralmente propõe uma situação imaginária, com elementos reais ou puramente de experimento mental, e assim traz à luz um problema quanto à natureza da arte, que discute e argumenta em torno, para avançar algum ponto ou arquitetar um recúo estratégico a fim de avançar mais em seguida. Assim, no fluxo da leitura, com bone exemplos especialmente preparados, resgates históricos (também de filosofia: Poética east Retórica de Aristóteles, Íon de Platão, O nascimento da tragédia, de Nietzsche etc), é bastante convincente, due east independentemente das suas pretensões universais, certamente nos ilumina sobre a arte contemporânea e o impulso artístico em geral, especialmente quando pensamos nos desdobramentos practise seu exemplo predileto: aquele de dois objetos perceptivamente idênticos, um dos quais é arte due east o outro não.
Também é interessante como o livro dialoga com o Linguagens da Arte, exercise Nelson Goodman, que também recomendo muito, embora mais explicitamente técnico.
...moreMy favorite chapters are 4 and 5
I was not, I admit, expecting to enjoy this book merely just to acquire from information technology. Danto, nevertheless, is a surprisingly entertaining philosophical writer. I love that he takes his championship from a fictional book (from Muriel Sparks' The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie). As a philosophy of Art, Danto's theories work quite well equally a groundwork for thinking about what art "is" or may be, and what it is not, and where the difficulties prevarication in discerning between those purported opposites.My favorite chapters are 4 and 5, on the aesthetics, work, estimation, and identification of art. Danto combines common sense with high-flown and historical philosophical ideas almost art, and I would cite his work every bit a kind of take-downwardly for deconstructionist theories.
While some of his contemporary examples (humorous and relevant) are dated, heavily using 1960s and 1970s pop civilisation and artworld commentary and examples...well, I am of that era, and those worked for me. A younger person might have to employ a fleck of research to nail downwards those analogies, but it would be worth the effort.
Much food for thought here, for those who spend mental free energy on intellectual ideas nearly beingness, fine art, and expression.
...more- Danto is a bright academic (Art Critic for The Nation Mag, Professor of Philosophy/Fine art/History), and I don't for a s - Duchamp was the get-go to perform the subtle miracle of transforming, into works of art, objects from commonplace existance (a bicycle cycle, a pipe, a urinal, etc) and Warhol was probably the all-time known (his Brillo Boxes for example) just artists such as these (and hundreds like them, and inspired by them) have made the fine art world revisit the historic period-sometime aphorism "What is art?"
- Danto is a brilliant academic (Art Critic for The Nation Mag, Professor of Philosophy/Art/History), and I don't for a second pretend to fully sympathise every one of his Mathematical Art/Philosophical Art/Conceptual Art/Social Art theories, but I honestly enjoyed this book, although information technology was challenging at times.
- I thought information technology was fascinating. ...more
The only thing that really didn't like is that the volume is so dedicated to clarify the details of the relation between noesis and art, that it forgets to include the aesthetic part of it. Considering the fact that art is a chief aesthetic phaenomenon, the book fails (in my opin A skilful book most fine art (Danto emphasizes on visual arts), from the view of analytic philosophy. It has some very interesting arguments about the questions of faux in art or the cognitive power of the work of art.
The but thing that really didn't like is that the book is so dedicated to clarify the details of the relation between noesis and art, that information technology forgets to include the aesthetic office of it. Considering the fact that art is a master aesthetic phaenomenon, the book fails (in my opinion) to evangelize a convincing answer about what makes a commonplace item, a slice of art.
...more
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